大家可以跟據下列幾個指引作為參考:
(1) http://www.wildmedcenter.com/uploads/5/9/8/2/5982510/wfa_sop_v_dec_2012.pdf
Page 8: Common Medical Problems
Indentify red flag signs 紅旗徵狀 and symptoms necessitating evacuation
- Abdominal pain (local tenderness, fever, persistent vomiting, getting worse over 12 hrs)
- Vomiting and diarrhea (blood, fever, tenderness, what goes out exceeds intake)
- Any noticeable blood in stool, urine, or vomit
- Cough/URI (respiratory distress, fever, coughing up colored phlegm)
- UTI (fever, back pain/tenderness, vomiting)
- ENT (visual problems more than blurring, fever, airway compromise)
- Fever (abnormal mental state, headache, other as above)
(3) Google book: The Outward Bound Wilderness First-Aid Handbook http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=SSPhzelgdKEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&q&f=false
Page 171-172, Serious Abdominal Pain: Red Flags 紅旗徵狀 (任何一樣, 而並要全中) :
- Constant, localized pain and tenderness
- Aggravated by movement and palpation
- Persistent fever
- Bloody vomit or diarrhea
- Tachycardia
- Lasts more than 24 hours Anticipate:
- Volume shock
- Systemic infection Treatment:
- Maintain hydration
- Maintain body core temperature
- Restrict foods to easily absorbed sugars
- Emergency evacuation (in position of comfort)